The Contemporary Visual Arts and Cultural Performances of Non Western People

Types of Art
Categories, Forms and Classification of Visual Arts and Crafts.
Master A-Z Index

Nationale Nederlanden Building,
Prague."The Dancing Business firm". An
iconic example of Deconstructivism,
a style of gimmicky architecture
pioneered by Frank O. Gehry.

DEFINITION OF VISUAL ART
Ever since the controversial works of Marcel Duchamp, avant-garde artists have been pushing the boundaries of their profession to breaking point. Installations, plant-objects, conceptual works, and film, are only some of the media which have been employed to broaden the contemporary artful. A flattened motor machine has been presented as an important piece of work of assemblage art; a dead shark has been pickled and turned into an installation; a "human being skull" has been 'recreated', studded with precious jewels and turned into a slice of contemporary sculpture; and, to cap information technology all, an exhibition of contemporary art opened last twelvemonth at the Pompidou Middle in Paris, consisting of 8 empty rooms.
Art Evaluation: How to Appreciate Art.

Basic Definitions of Art

• Fine art: Definition and Significant
The meaning of beauty and art is explored in the co-operative of philosophy chosen aesthetics. For more definitions, see the post-obit:
• Fine Art
Includes: drawing, painting, sculpture and printmaking.
• Visual Art
Includes: fine arts, certain contemporary arts (eg. installation, performance) and decorative arts.
• Decorative Art
Broadly synonymous with crafts. Meet as well: Arts and Crafts Movement.
• Applied Art
Includes: architecture, industrial-design, fashion/furnishings-design, interior-design etc.
• Crafts
Broadly synonymous with decorative arts. See also: Feminist Fine art (1970s).
• Fine art Glossary
Explanation of all basic terms.

IMPORTANCE OF DRAWING
Ever since the Rock Age, painters have been forced to move with the times. Prehistoric artists painted with lumpy paint crayons and pads of moss, before upgrading to brushes made of vegetable fibre and creature hair. For colour pigments they used three varieties of clay ochre, (red, yellow and brown), and charcoal for black. By the fourth dimension of the Middle Ages, artists had developed both encaustic and egg-tempera painting methods, and were before long to explore the lustrous advantages of oils. New color pigments came and went, every bit did a series of paint containers and colour charts. Lastly, during the 1940s - about 32 Millennia since the first cave paintings - chemists devised fast-drying acrylic paints. But despite all these developments in the art of painting, painters still had to draw their own images. Now, things are changing.

Digital and reckoner art is upon us, which means that anyone with whatsoever proficiency in software design programs can produce a drawing at the drop of a chapeau. And life drawing is now seen by many as an erstwhile-fashioned and unnecessary waste of time. Unfortunately, when artists finish learning how to draw, figurative art flies out the window, and video art takes over.

NON-REPRESENTATIONAL Art
The ongoing debate near "What constitutes art?" is not a trivial squabble between dessicated academics. It's an important cultural issue for huge numbers of people. For instance, equally more activities become accepted as "art", then these activities notice their style into the curricula of our best art schools, sometimes with unfortunate results. Final year, I visited a Graduate Prove staged by ane of Ireland's elevation art colleges. Out of many hundred exhibits, I was impressed past the artistic merits of perhaps three works - two of which were by the same artist! Almost of the other works, which were near all abstract, seemed to me to exist sloppily executed, and lacking any artistic impact - a fairly dire matter to say about such a major showcase of young talent. Plain the prove'due south organizers thought differently, and so peradventure my sense of aesthetic appreciation has deserted me. Either that, or else it's a sobering example of The Emperor's New Clothes.

HOW TO EVALUATE Fine art
Every attempt to define "skillful" art is doomed to frustration. Allowing the free market to determine may audio reasonable, except that auction prices identify Damien Hirst equally the best ever British artist, which sounds a flake dodgy. As well, there are hundreds of dark, uninteresting but mega-valuable Old Master paintings quietly deteriorating in museums around the world, whose monetary value bears no relation to their "beauty". As for the so-called "priceless" Greek sculptures in the Louvre - the one-armed, one-legged, no-head variety, like the Venus di Milo - would you want whatsoever of them in your sitting room? I doubt information technology. The lesson? Expensive art isn't ever skillful fine art. Okay, so how else tin can nosotros decide what constitutes a worthy artwork? How about letting the Arts Council determine? Err, no cheers. We do that already, and it's a disaster. A committee of independent critics? Hmm, perhaps not: wait what happened to the Turner prize. Is subject area affair a guide? For instance, is representational or figurative art better than brainchild? No. Some of the most beautiful decorative works are completely devoid of recognizable features, while a superrealist painting or sculpture can sometimes leave us cold. The truth is, "adept" or "cute" fine art is practically indefinable. Arguably, its existence hinges on a magical combination of shape and colour, which cannot be pre-selected, otherwise Volkswagen would manufacture it.

ART HAS RARITY VALUE But
Every so ofttimes we hear that a painting or drawing past some famous artist has been bought at Sotheby's or Christie's for $10 million or maybe $50 1000000. A recent example was the $100 million paid for a screenprint (Viii Elvises) by Andy Warhol. Did the news make us asphyxiate over our breakfast? Probably not. Later all, people practise pay huge prices for rare objects. All the same, information technology's very confusing, considering information technology gives the impression that a painting has an objective or intrinsic value, sometimes reaching into the millions. But the truth is, a painting has no intrinsic value - only rarity. Even its beauty or aesthetic appeal tin exist acquired past buying a print, at a fraction of the toll of the original. When it comes to a Monet, a Van Gogh or a Titian, none of this matters because the rarity value justifies a hefty price-tag, but when it comes to works of art past ordinary mortals, beware! - the $20,000 price-tag for the work of an established minor creative person tin can include a large "way" premium, that can disappear overnight. All this explains why the contemporary art market place has nosedived, while need for rare Old Masters and Moderns remains insufficiently buoyant.

SEPARATION OF ARTS & CRAFTS
"Fine fine art", traditionally the premier course of visual creativity, is supposedy a cartoon-based acivity, practised mainly for its aesthetic value ("art for art'southward sake") rather than its functionality. In contrast, the second-class category, known as "decorative fine art" (the new discussion for crafts), refers to things like ceramics, tapestry, enamelling, metalwork, stained glass, textiles, and others, which are accounted to be ornamental or decorative, rather than intellectual or spiritual. And so to recap: arts are cute useless things that elevate the senses - case, the Mona Lisa; whereas crafts prettify functional objects - case, a tea cup with a handpainted pattern. I don't know which painter/sculptor or government civil servant first proposed this absurd distinction, but it lingers on in all its ugly illogicality. Take compages, for case. This has always been regarded equally a fine fine art, despite beingness the ultimate case of utility - just enquire any builder. Advert posters by the likes of (say) Toulouse Lautrec and Alphonse Mucha are also seen as fine art, despite being the apotheosis of decorative functionalism. On the other paw, a cute tapestry or stained glass window is regarded as mere ornamentalism, irrespective of the caste of artistic designwork and craftsmanship involved. And if you think all this is pointless and confusing, wait till you see "applied art", a term which is at present used to describe a more blueprint-oriented category of decorative art.

A-Z Types of Fine art

• Blitheness Art
Derived from the Latin meaning "to breathe life into", animation is the visual fine art of creating a motion picture from a serial of still drawings. Among the great twentieth century animators are J. Stuart Blackton, George McManus, Max Fleischer, and Walt Disney.
• Architecture
All-time understood as the applied art of building design. Historically has exerted meaning influence on the development of fine fine art, through architectural styles like Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassical. For the origins of skyscraper design, see: 19th Century Compages; for its characteristics and development, see: Skyscraper Architecture (1850-nowadays); for technical details, encounter: Chicago Schoolhouse of Architecture; for historical context, see: American Architecture (1600-present).
• Art Brut
Painting, drawing, sculpture by artists on the margin of society, or in mental hospitals, or children. (English language category is Outsider fine art.)
• Assemblage Art
A contemporary grade of sculpture, comparable to collage, in which a work of art is built up or "assembled" from three-D materials - typically "found" objects.
• Body Art
One of the oldest (and newest) forms - includes trunk painting and face painting, also equally tattoos, mime, "living statues" and (most recently) "performances" by artists like Marina Abramovic and Carole Schneemann.
• Calligraphy
This fine art, practised widely in the Far E and amidst Islamic artists, is regarded by the Chinese equally the highest form of art.
• Ceramics
A type of plastic art, ceramics refers to items made from clay and baked in a kiln. Encounter ancient pottery from China and Greece, below. Two of the foremost European ceramicists are the English artist Bernard Howell Leach (1887-1979), and the Frenchman Camille Le Tallec (1908-91).
• Christian Art
This is mostly Biblical Art, or at least works derived from the Bible. It includes Protestant Reformation fine art and Catholic Counter-Reformation fine art, likewise every bit Jewish themes. See also: Early Christian sculpture and also: Early Christian Fine art.
• Collage
Limerick consisting of various materials like newspaper cuttings, paper-thin, photos, fabrics and the like, pasted to a board or sail. May be combined with painting or drawings.
• Estimator Art
All computer-generated forms of fine or applied art, including computer-controlled types. Also known as Digital, Cybernetic or Internet art.
• Conceptual Art
A contemporary art class that places primacy on the concept or idea behind a work of fine art, rather than the piece of work itself. Leading conceptual artists include: Allan Kaprow (b.1927), and Joseph Beuys (1921-86) the former Professor of Awe-inspiring Sculpture at the Dusseldorf Academy, whose dedication earned him a retrospective at the Samuel R Guggenheim Museum (New York).
• Design (Creative)
This refers to the plan involved in creating something according to a set of aesthetics. Examples of creative design movements include: Art Nouveau, Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Ulm Blueprint School and Postmodernism.
• Drawing
A drawing can be a complete work, or a type of preparatory sketching for a painting or sculpture. A central issue in fine art concerns the relative importance of drawing (line) versus color.
- chalk
- charcoal
- conte crayon
- pastel
- pen and ink
- pencil
For a option of the greatest sketches by some of the finest draftsmen in history, please see: Best Drawings of the Renaissance (1400-1550).
• Folk Art
More often than not crafts and utilitarian applied arts fabricated past rural artisans.
• French Piece of furniture
The greatest furniture was created during the 17th/18th centuries by French Designers at the Royal Court, in the Louis Quatorze, Quinze and Seize styles. For a curt guide, encounter: French Decorative Arts (1640-1792).
• Graffiti Art
Contemporary form of street droplets spray painting which emerged in Due east Coast American cities during the belatedly 1960s/early 1970s. Famous graffiti artists include Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-88), Keith Haring (1958-xc) and Banksy.
• Graphic Art
Types of visual expression divers more than by line and tone (disegno), rather than colour (colorito). Includes drawing, cartoons, extravaganza art, comic strips, analogy, blitheness and calligraphy, too as all forms of traditional printmaking. Also includes postmodernist styles of discussion art (text-based graphics).
• Icons (Icon Painting)
Ranks alongside mosaic art equally the nearly popular blazon of Eastern Orthodox religious art. Closely associated with Byzantine art, and later on, Russian icon painters.
• Illuminated Manuscripts
This principally refers to religious texts (Christian, Islamic, Jewish) embellished with figurative illustrations and/or abstract geometric designs, exemplified by Book of Kells.
• Installation
A new category of gimmicky art, which employs various 2-D and iii-D materials to create a particular infinite designed to make an impact on the viewer/visitor. Turner Prize Winner Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin are famous installation artists.
• Illustration
A grade of painting, cartoon or other graphic fine art which explains, clarifies, pictorializes or decorates written text.
• Jewellery Art
Practised by goldsmiths, as well equally other chief-craftsmen similar silversmiths, gemologists, diamond cutters/setters and lapidaries.
• Junk Fine art
Artworks made from ordinary, everyday materials, or "found objects", of which Marcel Duchamp'due south "readymades" are a sub-category. Typically includes iii-D works like sculpture, assemblage, collage or installations.
• Country Fine art
A relatively new category of gimmicky art, also called Earth fine art, earthworks, or Environmental fine art, it was led by Robert Smithson (1938-73), and emerged in America during the 1960s equally a reaction against the commercial art world.
• Metalwork Art
Embraces goldsmithing, the fashioning of precious metals into objets d'art, likewise as enamelwork techniques similar cloisonné, plique-a-jour, champlevé, and encrusted enamelling. See: Celtic Metalwork. For more modern works, come across also: Fabergé Easter Eggs.
• Mosaic Art
An aboriginal art class, developed by Ancient Greek and Byzantine artists, which creates pictorial designs out of glass tesserae. For its loftier point during the Middle Ages, see: Ravenna Mosaics (c.400-600) and Christian Byzantine Art (c.400-1200).
• Outsider Art
Artworks by painters/sculptors outside mainstream culture; may be mentally ill, or untutored and uneducated: (French equivalent is Art Brut).
• Painting
Since classical antiquity the highest form of Western art, painting has been dominated by Renaissance-style "Academic Art". Until the invention of pre-mixed paints and the collapsible paint tube in the mid-19th century, painters had to create their own colour pigments from natural plants and metallic compounds. See colour in painting. Famous painting movements or schools include: Early/HighRenaissance, Mannerism, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Op-Art, Pop Art, Minimalism, Photorealism, and others.
- acrylics
- encaustic painting
- fresco painting
- gouache
- ink and wash
- nail art
- oils
- miniature painting
- panel painting
- tempera painting
- watercolours
- and more than
• Functioning Art (and Happenings)
A 20th century fine art course involving a live performance by the creative person before an audience. The form was explored and developed by exponents of Futurism, Constructivism, Dada, Surrealism and later contemporary fine art movements.
• Photography
A 20th century medium by which the artist captures pictorial images on film as opposed to the traditional fine art supports of canvas, paper or board. New computer software graphics programs have created new opportunities for editing and image manipulation. See also: Is Photography Art? Foremost among exponents of photographic art is the American Ansel Adams, a beau of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Guggenheim fellow and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, noted for his blackness-and-white photographs of the American Westward. The leading contemporary Irish lens-based artist is Victor Sloan (b.1945).
• Affiche Fine art
Peaked during the French Belle Epoque and the Art Nouveau era.
• Archaic Art
Associated with Aboriginal, African, Oceanic and other tribal cultures; as well embraces Outsider art.
• Printmaking
The procedure of making original prints by pressing an inked block or plate onto a receptive support surface, typically newspaper. Amid slap-up modern exponents of fine fine art printmaking (eg. woodcuts, engraving, etching, lithography and silkscreen) are the American artist James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), the French creative person Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), the Dutch graphic artist MC Escher (1898-1972), Willem de Kooning (1904-97) and Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008), as well equally silkscreen printers similar Andy Warhol (1928-87), all of whom infused the artform with great vitality.
- engraving
- etching
- giclee prints
- lithography
- screen-printing
- woodcuts
- and more than
• Public Art
A vague category of fine art which encompasses all works paid for past public funds. A more narrow definition might restrict it to all works designed for a space accessible to the full general public. Sadly, most public art ends upward in stores or offices staffed by public servants!
• Religious Fine art
Typically compages, or any fine or decorative arts with a religious theme: includes Christian or Islamic, Hindu, Buddhism or any of a hundred different sects. See for case Chinese Buddhist sculpture (c.100 CE - present).
• Rock Art
Traditionally encompasses primitive stone engravings (petroglyphs), relief sculptures, cave painting (pictographs) and megaliths of the Stone Age.
• Sand Art
Encompasses sand painting (Navajo Indians, Tibetan Buddhists), sand drawing (Vanuatu, formerly New Hebrides), sand sculpture and architecture.
• Sculpture
Sculpture is a three-dimensional piece of work of plastic fine art created either by (ane) Carving - in stone, marble, woods, ivory, os; (2) modelling - from wax or clay, later which it may be cast in bronze; (3) an aggregation of "institute objects". Note: Origami paper folding should also exist classed every bit a plastic art.
- statue
- relief sculpture
- bronze
- ice sculpture
- ivory etching
- marble
- stone
- terracotta sculpture
- wood-carving
• Stained Drinking glass Art
The supreme decorative art of the Gothic move, stained glass reached its zenith during the twelfth and 13th centuries when it was created for Christian cathedrals across Europe. Modern stained glass was fabricated in America by John LaFarge and Louis Condolement Tiffany; and on the Continent at the Bauhaus design school.Sadly, the creators of the stained drinking glass masterpieces in Chartres and other Gothic cathedrals remain anonymous, however their skills were kept alive by artists like Marc Chagall (1887-1985) and Joan Miro (1893-1983), and - in Republic of ireland - by such Irish gaelic artists as Harry Clarke (1889-1931), Sarah Purser (1848-43) and Evie Hone (1894-1955).
• Tapestry Art
An ancient type of cloth art, tapestry-making flourished in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, at the hands of French and (later) Flemish weavers. The near famous works were woven at the Gobelins tapestry and Beauvais tapestry factories in Paris, just encounter likewise the famous Bayeux Tapestry (c.1075) a Romanesque work stitched past Anglo-Saxon and French seamsters, depicting the Norman Conquest of 1066.
• Video Art
One of the about recent categories of contemporary expression, pioneered by Andy Warhol and others, video is frequently used in installation art, equally well as as a stand-lone art form. Several Turner Prize Winners have been video artists. The leading video artist of the twentieth century is probably Beak Viola (b.1951), known for his technical and artistic mastery of the genre.

Earth Arts

• Aboriginal Art (Australia)
Introduction to aboriginal cavern painting and petroglyphs from Australasia.
- Australian Colonial Painting (c.1780-1880)
- Australian Impressionism (c.1886-1900)
- Australian Modern Painting (c.1900-60)
• Aegean Fine art (c.2600-1100 BCE)
Early Greek culture: features Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenean cultures.
• African Art
Guide to rock paintings, classical African sculpture, fine art of the African kingdoms, religious and tribal artworks and more than.
• American Fine art
History of painting and other fine arts in America, 1750-present.
• Pre-Columbian Art (Americas)
Compages, art and crafts of the Americas up to 1535.
• American Indian Art
A largely craft-based civilisation, specializing in wood carving, textile arts, shell-engraving, basket-making and ceremonial masks.
• American Colonial Fine art
Eurocentric 17th/18th century portrait painting, miniatures and architecture.
• Asian Fine art
Arts and crafts from Japan, China, Korea, SE Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
• Byzantine Art
Principally architecture, console painting, and mosaics created by artists within the eastern Christian Byzantine empire centred on Constantinople.
• Celtic Art
Includes metalwork of the Hallstatt and La Tene culture, plus abstract geometric designwork.
• Chinese Art
Includes globe famous Chinese lacquerware, bronzes, jade etching, terra cotta sculpture, Chinese Porcelain, launder-painting and calligraphy. For more, come across also Chinese Pottery and Chinese Painting. For a guide to the aesthetic principles behind Oriental arts and crafts, run into: Traditional Chinese Art: Characteristics.
• Egyptian Art
Embraces mainly tomb artworks - like panel paintings, Egyptian Sculpture, murals, pottery, metalcraft and Egyptian Pyramids Compages.
• Etruscan Art
Includes tomb paintings, domestic frescoes, bronze and terracotta sculpture, ornate sarcophagi, goldsmithery and jewellery.
• Flemish Painting
Schoolhouse of highly realistic oil painting - including artists like Jan van Eyck, Roger van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes, Hans Memling, and others - that strongly influenced the Italian Renaissance.
• Franco-Cantabrian Cavern Art
Prehistoric parietal works in southern France and northern Spain.
• French Painting
Follows the French School (1400-1900) from medieval book painting to late 19th century Symbolism.
• German Expressionism
The most famous mode of art from Germany. Just see also our articles on German Medieval Art (c.800-1250), the German Renaissance (1430-1580) and the German Baroque (c.1550-1750).
• Greek Art
Highly innovative, technically accomplished, Greek artists fix the standard in all forms of fine, applied and decorative art, notably painting, sculpture, architecture and glass mosaic.
• Greek Pottery
Includes a range of ceramic designs from different areas of ancient Greece, such as Geometric fashion, Oriental Mode, Black-Figure Manner and Red-Effigy Style.
• Greek Sculpture
Includes sculptural masterpieces similar Discobolus by Myron; Wounded Amazon past Polykleitos; Apollo Belvedere by Leochares; Laocoon by Hagesandrus, Athenodoros & Polydorus; Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo) past Andros of Antioch.
• India: Painting & Sculpture
Includes prehistoric cupules and petroglyphs, ivory and statuary figurines, Buddhist frescoes, miniature paintings, and supreme works of Moghal architecture, like the Taj Mahal (1632-54).
• Irish Art
Includes (painting): portraiture, topographical landscape, 19th century history paintings and 20th century genre-works and still lifes; (sculpture): Rock and bronzework by traditional, Gaelic, modern and contemporary Irish sculptors.
• Islamic Art
Embraces many categories of inventiveness including, mosque-compages, ceramics, faience mosaics, lustre-ware, relief sculpture, forest and ivory carving, friezes, drawing, painting, calligraphy, volume-gilding, lacquer-painted bookbinding, textile design, goldsmithery, gemstone carving, and others.
• Renaissance Fine art in Italian republic
Beginning in Florence, it spread to Rome and Venice before being taken upward by painters and sculptors beyond Europe.
• Japanese Art
Brief guide to iv of the main visual arts in Japan, including: Buddhist Temple art, Zen ink-painting, Yamato-e, and Ukiyo-e woodblock prints.
• Jewish Fine art
A look at Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Oriental Jewish art, crafts and archeological artifacts. Encounter as well Holocaust Art, principally Jewish art of the Shoah.
• Korean Art
Initially influenced by prehistoric Siberian civilisation, and then by Chinese craft, Korea in turn influenced the development of several artforms in Japan.
• Mesopotamian Art
A brief guide to Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian culture in the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. For more details about certain national styles, see: "Sumerian art" (c.4500-2270 BCE), "Assyrian fine art" (c.1500-612 BCE), "Hittite art" (c.1600-1180 BCE). Come across besides: Mesopotamian Sculpture.
• Minoan Art
Covers sculpture, fresco painting, pottery, stone carvings (notably seal stones), jewellery and the palace architecture of Knossos, Phaestus, Akrotiri, Kato Zakros and Mallia.
• Mycenean Art
Embraces Tholos tomb architecture, precious metalwork, and early Greek plastic arts.
• Oceanic Fine art
This umbrella term refers to arts and crafts produced by indigenous native peoples within the Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia zones of the Pacific Ocean.
• Persian Fine art
Encompasses monumental rock sculptures, bas-reliefs, ceramics, mosaics, metalwork, frescoes, illuminated manuscripts, calligraphy, carpet-making, silk-weaving and architectural designs.
• Roman Art
Noted for its historical relief sculptures (eg. Trajan's Column) and its applied architecture (bridges, aquaducts, roads), ancient Rome was likewise responsible for producing unique copies of many original Greek sculptures, without which many Hellenic treasures would have been lost forever.
• Russian Art
Prehistoric sculpture and the history of painting 30,000 BCE to 1920.
• Castilian Painting
Follows Iberian art (1500-1970), from El Greco to Antoni Tapies.
• Tribal Art
Short guide to the traditional art of tribal societies in India, Africa, the South Pacific, Australasia, Alaska and the Americas. Also known as Primitive Native Art, the category is sometimes extended to include certain early on European artworks (eg. Celtic La Tene). Information technology primarily consists of stoneworks (sculpture, temples), earthworks, and petroglyphs.
• Viking Art
Norse art mainly consists of portable artworks, like decorated torso armour, drinking horns, pagan icons, paddles, and pocket-sized-scale carvings in amber, jet, bone, walrus ivory and woods.

Styles and Genres

• Abstruse Art
Strictly speaking, abstruse artworks derive from non-natural subjects such every bit geometric shapes, although wider definitions embrace all not-representational works. Types of geometric brainchild are besides called physical art, or more confusingly not-objective art. Both these terms mean the same.
• Representational Art
This describes images that are clearly recognizable for what they purport to be. By contrast, abstract fine art consists of pictures that lack whatever clear identity, and must therefore be interpreted by the viewer.
• Figure Drawing and Figure Painting
Including representational cartoon from life.
• History Painting
Derived from the Italian word "istoria" (meaning, "narrative"), history painting - exemplified by Leonardo Davinci'due south piece of work The Final Supper - tells noble stories or carries uplifting messages, and was considered to be No i in the Hierarchy of Painting Genres.
• Portrait Art
Embracing individual, group or cocky-portraits, this genre - exemplified past Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-69) - was considered to be No 2 in the Hierarchy of Painting Genres.
• Genre Painting
Championed by 17th century Dutch Realists, such as Jan Vermeer (1632-75), this category of "everyday scenes" was seen as No 3 in the Bureaucracy of Painting Genres.
• Landscape Painting
Comprising breathtaking views in which nature takes primacy over man figures, this was rated No four in the Hierarchy of Painting Genres.
• Still Life Painting
This genre - exemplified by Frans Snyders (1579-1657) - typically comprised an arrangement of objects (flowers, kitchen utensils etc.) laid out on a table. For moralistic yet lifes, see: Vanitas Painting (17th century Holland) past Dutch artists like Harmen van Steenwyck (1612-56), Jan Davidsz de Heem (1606-83), Willem Kalf (1622-93) and Willem Claesz Heda (1594-1681). Because they were devoid of human representation, still lifes were regarded as the least important blazon of painting.

• For more well-nigh the classification of the visual arts, see: Homepage.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ART
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